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Sains Malaysiana 54(9)(2025): 2113-2123
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5409-01
Acute
Insecticides Mixture Induced Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Nuclear
Abnormalities in Three Economically Important Freshwater Species Catla catla, Cirrhina mrigala, (Campuran Racun Insektisida Akut Tekanan
Oksidatif, Kerosakan DNA dan Keabnormalan Nuklear dalam Tiga Spesies Air Tawar
Penting Secara Ekonomi Catla catla, Cirrhina mrigala dan Labeo rohita)
HUMA NAZ1,*,
SAJID ABDULLAH2, TANVEER AHMED3,, NAJEEB-UR-REHMAN1,
BASHARAT ALI4, KOUSAR AZIZ5, MUHAMMAD ADEEL HASSAN6,
NIMRA ZAHID1, WARISHA SAIF1, MUHAMMAD AHMAD1,
MAHNOOR CHAUDARY7, RASHID IQBAL8,9, ABEER HASHEM10,
GRACIELA DOLORES AVILA-QUEZADA11, KHALID F. ALMUTAIRI12
1Department of Zoology, Cholistan University
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Diserahkan: 9 Julai
2024/Diterima: 10 Julai 2025
Abstract
Insecticides
are the most significant pollutants that negatively affect the aquatic
ecosystem globally. They are extensively applied in various industries and
agriculture to manage the pests and weeds. The freshwater ecosystems are
especially vulnerable to these insecticides because insecticides enter into
them through leaching, drifting, runoff and drainage. Insecticides can
adversely affect the aquatic animals including fish. Therefore, the experiment
was conducted to evaluate the acute toxic effect of bifenthrin(B),
chlorpyrifos(C) and endosulfan(E) mixtures on antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT,
Pox, and GST) activities and genotoxic potential in three fish species Cirrhina
mrigala, Labeo rohita, and Catla catla exposed for 4 days. Results demonstrated that the CAT activity increased in gills (G), liver (L),
and kidney (K) of three fish species exposed tertiary mixture while it was
decreased in brain (B), heart (H) and muscle (M) of fish. Comparison among
three fish species showed that there was minor difference among fish species
for CAT activity. Exposure of insecticides mixture caused a significant
increase in GST, POx, and SOD activities in all selected organs of three
species of fish. GST activity was maximum in B of fish followed by the L, M, K,
G, and H. The POx activity in organs of three fish species followed the trend:
L>B>G>K>H>M. The SOD activity in organs of fish followed the
trend: L>B>K>G>H>M. DNA damage in terms of micronuclei (MN),
nuclear abnormalities (BN, DN, BLN, NN, and DEN), genetic damage index (GDI)
and % damaged nuclei (DN) in peripheral erythrocytes of three fishes increased
significantly as a result of pesticides exposure with increasing duration as
96>72>48>24-h. The highest damage in DNA (DN and GDI), NA and MN were
observed in erythrocytes of C. catla followed by that of C.
mrigala and L. rohita. As a conclusion, antioxidant activities and
DNA damage of different fish species based on their physiological differences
may be useful biomarker for evaluation of aquatic pollution.
Keywords: Acute;
CAT; fish; genotoxicity; GST; organs; POx; SOD; toxicants
Abstract
Racun
serangga adalah bahan pencemar paling ketara yang memberi kesan negatif kepada
ekosistem akuatik di seluruh dunia. Ia digunakan secara meluas dalam pelbagai
industri dan pertanian untuk menguruskan perosak dan rumpai. Ekosistem air
tawar amat terdedah kepada racun serangga ini kerana ia masuk ke dalamnya
melalui larut lesap, air hanyut, air larian dan saliran. Insektisida boleh
memberi kesan buruk kepada haiwan akuatik termasuk ikan. Oleh itu, uji kaji ini
dijalankan untuk menilai kesan toksik akut campuran bifenthrin(B),
chlorpyrifos(C) dan endosulfan(E) kepada aktiviti enzim antioksidan (SOD, CAT,
POx dan GST) serta potensi genoketoksikan dalam tiga spesies ikan Cirrhina
mrigala, Labeo rohita dan Catla catla yang terdedah selama 4 hari.
Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa aktiviti CAT meningkat dalam insang (G), hati (L)
dan buah pinggang (K) tiga spesies ikan terdedah kepada campuran tertier
manakala ia berkurangan dalam otak (B), jantung (H) dan otot (M) ikan.
Perbandingan antara tiga spesies ikan ini menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan kecil
antara spesies ikan untuk aktiviti CAT. Pendedahan campuran racun serangga
menyebabkan peningkatan ketara dalam aktiviti GST, POx dan SOD dalam semua
organ terpilih bagi tiga spesies ikan ini. Aktiviti GST adalah maksimum dalam B
ikan diikuti oleh L, M, K, G dan H. Aktiviti POx dalam organ tiga spesies ikan
mengikut trend: L>B>G>K>H>M. Aktiviti SOD dalam organ ikan
mengikut trend: L>B>K>G>H>M. Kerosakan DNA dari segi
mikronukleus (MN), keabnormalan nuklear (BN, DN, BLN, NN dan DEN), indeks
kerosakan genetik (GDI) dan % nukleus rosak (DN) dalam eritrosit periferi tiga
ekor ikan meningkat dengan ketara akibat pendedahan racun perosak dengan
peningkatan tempoh 96>72>48>24-jam. Kerosakan tertinggi dalam DNA (DN
dan GDI), NA dan MN diperhatikan dalam eritrosit C. catla diikuti oleh C.
mrigala dan L. rohita. Sebagai kesimpulan, aktiviti antioksidan dan
kerosakan DNA spesies ikan yang berbeza berdasarkan perbezaan fisiologi mereka
mungkin penanda bio berguna untuk penilaian pencemaran akuatik.
Kata kunci: Akut;
CAT; ikan; genoketoksikan; GST; organ; POx; SOD; ketoksikan
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